Oxandrolone Wikipedia

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Oxandrolone
Oxandrolone is an oral anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) used in medical settings to treat specific conditions and promote muscle growth. It belongs to the 17-alpha-alkylated class of steroids, enhancing protein synthesis and nitrogen retention.

Medical uses
It is prescribed for cachexia associated with HIV/AIDS, chronic wasting diseases, recovery from burns/surgery, and osteoporosis. It may also be used off-label to stimulate appetite or treat growth failure in children.

Non-medical uses
In bodybuilding and athletics, oxandrolone is abused for enhancing muscle mass and strength despite health risks. Its lower androgenic effects compared to other steroids make it a preferred choice among some users.

Contraindications
Absolute contraindications include hypersensitivity, severe liver disease, undiagnosed breast/prostate cancer, and pregnancy (Category X). Relative risks exist for cardiovascular issues or hormonal disorders.

Side effects

Hepatotoxicity: Jaundice, elevated liver enzymes Androgenic effects: Acne, hirsutism, voice deepening (in females) Circulatory: Thrombosis, hypertension Endocrine: Testicular atrophy, menstrual irregularities

Interactions
Potentiates effects of anticoagulants and insulin. Reduces efficacy of antiestrogens or aromatase inhibitors.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Binds to androgen receptors to stimulate muscle protein synthesis, increase red blood cell count via erythropoiesis, and promote bone growth in pediatric patients.

Steroid configuration
Methylated at carbon 17 for oral bioavailability. Contains a double bond (delta-9) reducing androgenicity compared to testosterone.

Pharmacokinetics

Oral Bioavailability:60–80% Bioactive metabolites:Oxandrolone-17β-carboxylic acid Half-life:8–9 hours Metabolism:Liver via CYP3A4

Chemistry
Molecular formula: C20H28O2. Synthesized from dienedione precursors with a 17-methyl group for oral activity.

History
Developed by Searle in the 1950s as anabolic therapy. Approved by FDA in 1963 under brand name Oxandrin®. Widely studied in clinical trials for HIV-related weight loss during late-1980s AIDS epidemic.

Society and culture
In competitive sports, it is banned by WADA due to performance-enhancing properties. Public debates exist around its role in transgender hormone therapy versus doping risks.

Generic names
Oxandrolone (WHO INN), Oxanorol®.

Brand names

Oxandrin® (United States) Palboral® (Europe)

Availability

United States
Sold as Oxandrin under prescription. Generic versions available since 2018 after patent expiration.

Other countries
Avaialble in pharmacies requiring doctor's approval across EU and Commonwealth nations. Black market trade prevalent in some regions.

Legal status
In the U.S., Schedule III under CSA (controlled substance). Internationally classified as a S4 drug under INCB treaties. Requires export/import permits under UN conventions.

References
Data compiled from FDA prescribing information, peer-reviewed journals, and clinical practice guidelines.

External links
National Library of Medicine Drug Portal ClinicalTrials.gov studies on HIV-associated wasting syndrome